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Abraham Lincoln
An iconic photograph of a bearded Abraham Lincoln showing his head and shoulders.
Lincoln in November 1863
16th President of the United States
In office
March 4, 1861 – April 15, 1865
Vice President Hannibal Hamlin (1861–65)
Andrew Johnson (Mar.–Apr. 1865)
Preceded by James Buchanan
Succeeded by Andrew Johnson
Member of the U.S. House of Representatives
from Illinois's 7th district
In office
March 4, 1847 – March 3, 1849
Preceded by John Henry
Succeeded by Thomas L. Harris
Member of the
Illinois House of Representatives
from Sangamon County
In office
December 1, 1834 – December 4, 1842
Personal details
Born February 12, 1809
Sinking Spring Farm, Kentucky, U.S.
Died April 15, 1865 (aged 56)
Washington, D.C., U.S.
Cause of death Assassination
(gunshot wound to the head)
Resting place Lincoln Tomb
Political party Whig (before 1854)
Republican (1854–1864)
National Union (1864–1865)
Height 6 ft 4 in (193 cm)[1]
Spouse(s) Mary Todd (m. 1842)
Children
RobertEdwardWillieTad
Mother Nancy Hanks
Father Thomas Lincoln
Signature Cursive signature in ink
Military service
Allegiance United States
Illinois
Branch/service Illinois Militia
Years of service 1832
Rank Captain[a]
Private[a]
Battles/wars American Indian Wars
Black Hawk War
Battle of Kellogg's Grove
Battle of Stillman's Run
Abraham Lincoln O-77 matte collodion print.jpg
This article is part of
a series about
Abraham Lincoln
Views on slavery Views on religion Electoral history
Early life and career Political career, 1849–1861 Family Health
Lincoln–Douglas debates
Cooper Union speech
Farewell Address
President of the United States
Presidency
First term
1st inauguration Address
American Civil War The Union Emancipation Proclamation Ten percent plan Gettysburg Address 13th Amendment
Second term
2nd inauguration Address
Reconstruction
Presidential elections
1860 Convention
1864 Convention
Assassination and legacy
Assassination Funeral
Historical reputation Memorials Depictions
Topical guide Bibliography

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Abraham Lincoln (/ˈlɪŋkən/;[2] February 12, 1809 – April 15, 1865) was an American statesman and lawyer who served as the 16th president of the United States (1861–1865). Lincoln led the nation through its greatest moral, constitutional, and political crisis in the American Civil War. He preserved the Union, abolished slavery, strengthened the federal government, and modernized the U.S. economy.

Lincoln was born in poverty in a log cabin and was raised on the frontier primarily in Indiana. He was self-educated and became a lawyer, Whig Party leader, Illinois state legislator, and U.S. Congressman from Illinois. In 1849 he returned to his law practice but became vexed by the opening of additional lands to slavery as a result of the Kansas–Nebraska Act. He reentered politics in 1854, becoming a leader in the new Republican Party, and he reached a national audience in the 1858 debates against Stephen Douglas. Lincoln ran for President in 1860, sweeping the North in victory. Pro-slavery elements in the South equated his success with the North's rejection of their right to practice slavery, and southern states began seceding from the union. To secure its independence, the new Confederate States of America fired on Fort Sumter, a U.S. fort in the South, and Lincoln called up forces to suppress the rebellion and restore the Union.

As the leader of moderate Republicans, Lincoln had to navigate a contentious array of factions with friends and opponents on both sides. War Democrats rallied a large faction of former opponents into his moderate camp, but they were countered by Radical Republicans, who demanded harsh treatment of the Southern traitors. Anti-war Democrats (called "Copperheads") despised him, and irreconcilable pro-Confederate elements plotted his assassination. Lincoln managed the factions by exploiting their mutual enmity, by carefully distributing political patronage, and by appealing to the American people. His Gettysburg Address became a historic clarion call for nationalism, republicanism, equal rights, liberty, and democracy. Lincoln scrutinized the strategy and tactics in the war effort, including the selection of generals and the naval blockade of the South's trade. He suspended habeas corpus, and he averted British intervention by defusing the Trent Affair. He engineered the end to slavery with his Emancipation Proclamation and his order that the Army protect escaped slaves. He also encouraged border states to outlaw slavery, and promoted the Thirteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution, which outlawed slavery across the country.

Lincoln managed his own successful re-election campaign. He sought to reconcile the war-torn nation by exonerating the secessionists. On April 14, 1865, just days after the war's end at Appomattox, he was enjoying a night at the theatre with his wife Mary when he was assassinated by Confederate sympathizer John Wilkes Booth. His marriage had produced four sons, two of whom preceded him in death, with severe emotional impact upon him and Mary. Lincoln is remembered as the United States' martyr hero, and he is consistently ranked as the greatest U.S. president in history.   Full Summary

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